Is the Self a Process?

I recently attended a Philosophy lecture entitled “In Search of the Self” by Prof. Lilian Alweiss from the Department of Philosophy at Trinity College Dublin. The lecture was interesting, entertaining, engrossing, and (best of all) thought-provoking. Prof. Alweiss began the lecture by asking the question, and I paraphrase (inadequately), “What is the Self, what are you?”. It is a question worth pondering, and answering, before you read on. Perhaps your answer included one or more of the following: my body, my mind, my experiences, my “properties and attributes” or something similar. I wondered: “Is the Self a Process?”. The Self as a Process!

What is the Self, what are you?“.

I found myself thinking that Self could be understood in terms of behaviour – given a stimulus how do I respond? In one sense, a set of stimuli and responses define who I am. For example, given the stimulus of someone saying to me “Why do we have war?” I might respond “The wealthy must distract the poor from their plight and provide an alternative enemy”. You and 7 billion other people might have the same or 7 billion other responses. There is an infinite set of possible stimuli. Each stimulus can have an infinite set of responses. Every person will (most likely) have a unique set of stimulus-response tuples. The Self is a set of stimulus-response tuples.

The Self is a set of stimulus-response tuples.

I asked myself why a given stimulus results in a corresponding response. I thought about this like a simple mathematical function. Given an input (stimulus), x, some processing f() is done on x and the result (response) is y. Thus, y = f(x). To build on the example from earlier: “The wealthy must distract the poor from their plight and provide an alternative enemy.” = f(“Why do we have war?”). Another example might be: “64” = f(“What is 82?”). We can define: X as the set of all stimuli; Y as the set of all responses; and F() as the set of all functions. Thus, Y = F(X). The Self is a subset of F(), the set of all functions.

The Self is a subset of F(), the set of all functions.

Each function f() is the process by which we respond to a stimulus. The details of how f() processes a stimulus and generates a response is beyond the scope of this blog post, but I will simply say it is probably, at least in part, contributed to by cognition and encoded in neuronal connections. I propose it is this process that is the Self. The Self is the process, not the physical parts.

The Self is the process, not the physical parts.

Some Implications of The Self as a Process.

One implication is that the Self only exists when the process is active. I find this compatible with Descartes “Cogito ergo sum“. Perhaps it is, or is not, a novel interpretation of Descartes, to say that when you think (the process is active) then the Self exists. Conversely, when you do not think (the process is inactive) then the Self does not exist.

Another implication is the Self, defined here as a process, could theoretically be replicated and duplicated.

Final Thoughts

The examples given involve external stimuli, but these could equally come from an internal thought process – in both cases they are considered stimuli.

The Self described here may not appear to consider the physical body – other than embodied neurons which encode the (subset of F()) processes. The argument could be made that these neurons and/or the physical body represent the Self (rather than the processes); I would respond that those same neurons and the physical body are still present in a deceased corpse, however the Self is not present in a deceased corpse – because the processes have ceased.

There is a lot more thinking required on this subject (it’s only been 5 days since the lecture). I hope you found this blog post stimulating and I welcome your response in the Comments section below.

Covid-19. Why Irelands 2km isolation zone is interesting.

COVID-19 has changed a lot of things. All around the world Governments are restricting citizens movements to combat the spread of COVID-19 the deadly new Coronavirus. In Ireland the Government has restricted non-essential travel to a 2km zone around your place of residence. It turns out that’s an interesting choice, why so? Well we need to bring two things (circumference and area) together to find our answer. And then there’s a nice surprise at the end (unless you figure it out before you get there).

Covid-19 restrictions limit you to 2km from your home, but that's a big circumference to walk.
2 km around your home is bigger than you might think

Circumference is king (Covid-19 is not)

Being confined to 2km can seem restrictive, but if you look at the image above it isn’t just 2km. So how far can you walk while keeping within the 2km limit? How much space is that? Think of your residence as the center of a circle with a radius of 2km, and you can go anywhere within that circle. The length of the red circle (circumference) above is given by twice the radius times Pi. What? Well let’s do it on the blackboard.

Blackboard #1

\( circumference = 2 * radius * \pi \)

We know the radius is 2km – as set by the Government:

\( circumference = 2 * 2 * \pi \)

\( circumference = 4 \pi \)

We know that \(\pi\) = 3.14

\( circumference = 4 * 3.14 = 12.6 km \)

So even with a mere 2km you can walk around a 12.6km circumference. And remember you have to walk 2km to get from the center (your residence) to the edge of the circle, and then another 2km to get back to the center afterwards. That gives a total of 16.6km, a lot more than a 2km limit might at first suggest.

Continue reading “Covid-19. Why Irelands 2km isolation zone is interesting.”

Work = mad. Physics says so. Maths proves so.

Work = mad” may not be news to you. But did you know it is a physical fact and provable using Maths? It all started with a discussion about moments, torque, force, work, energy, power etc. We need to briefly talk about Force, and then Work.

Force

Sir Isaac Newton is probably the greatest scientist ever. I once stood in the same room as Newton, unfortunately I was 350 years late. One of the many contributions Newton made to Physics was in the ‘field of mechanics’ (disambiguation: not a pasture of grease-monkeys, rather the area of physics concerned with the study of bodies in motion).

Newton gave us 3 Laws of Motion, and Newtons 2nd Law of Motion states “When a resultant external force acts on a body, the rate of change of velocity is proportional to and takes place in the direction of that force“. In other words, when we apply a force, F, to an object/mass, m, the object/mass will accelerate, a, (rate of change of velocity) proportionately to the size of the applied force. Newtons 2nd Law of Motion is symbolized as:

\( Force = mass \times acceleration \)

\( F = ma \) Equation (1)

Work

We can thank Gustave-Gaspard Coriolis for the notion of ‘Work’ in mechanics. ‘Work’ refers the distance (displacement) over which a Force is applied, and can be symbolized as:

\(Work = Force \times distance\)

\( Work = Fd\) Equation (2)

Finally

If we now substitute Equation (1) into Equation (2), by substituting ‘ma’ for F, we can see that

\( Work = mad\)

Q.E.D.

Note: The above derivation takes a simple non-relativistic case of a Force operating on a mass in a straight line.

Chrome 70 – Chrome sign-in is Automatic with any Google login

Bad? Chrome sign-in is automatic
Bad? Chrome sign-in is automatic

The latest update to Chrome (Chrome 70) sneaks in yet another ‘convenience’ for you. When you use Chrome to login to and Google account (Gmail, YouTube, etc.), it will automatically also log you into Chrome. That could be handy – if you want to sync your Passwords, Payment handlers, bookmarks, browsing history, search history, etc. But it could be a serious security and privacy breach if the machine you’re using is not your machine; whether that be in work, college, library, internet-cafe etc.

There is no pop-up warning you, or asking your permission, and you are opted in automatically when you update to Chrome 70. Fortunately you can disable it. It’s in the same location as the previous sneaky ‘convenience’ was added, as described in my previous blog post “Chrome 68 Payment Handler API – is it storing Payment Methods?“.

Better? Disable Chrome sign-in
Better? Disable Chrome sign-in

Thanks to issues raised by users as described in this Google Blog “Product updates based on your feedback” Google relented and included the option to turn off the auto Chrome sign-in. But why did the opt-out only come after a wave of negative feedback? Didn’t Google realise in their design meetings the opt-out was a necessity? Or did they prioritise the data they’d gather over your security and privacy?

 

 

Chrome 68 Payment Handler API – is it storing Payment Methods?

Disable if you want
Chrome 68 Payment Methods – enabled by default.

Chrome 68 Payment Methods – it’s on without you knowing it’s on

Googles latest update of the worlds most popular browser just released is Chrome 68. There are several additions in Chrome 68 and the labelling of non-https websites as “Insecure” is rightly getting plenty of attention. But another important addition in this update is the inclusion of Chrome 68 Payment Handler API, and notably the fact it is ENABLED by default. You may like that, or you may not.

If you don’t want Chrome giving permission to websites you visit to “check if you have payment methods saved” then head to your Chrome settings [see instructions below] now and DISABLE the option – because Google have already enabled it in the Chrome 68 update.

What are Payment Methods, are they good or bad?

Payment Methods are all about making it easier to make online purchases. In principle that’s a good thing, however you may not like it due to the privacy, security or other considerations. The good thing is that you have a choice, and it’s up to you to make an informed choice. The bad thing is that Google have decided for you and you’re not informed, they could have at least given a pop-up to ask how you would like to configure the new option. If you don’t want the slightly more technical details – no problem, just skip the next section and jump to “How Do I Disable Payment Methods in Chrome?”.

The W3C and Payment APIs

The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) describes itself as an “international community where Member organizations, a full-time staff, and the public work together to develop Web standards.“.  There are two particular standards that relate to Payment Methods:

1. The Payment Request API

“This specification standardizes an API to allow merchants (i.e. web sites selling physical or digital goods) to utilize one or more payment methods with minimal integration. User agents (e.g., browsers) facilitate the payment flow between merchant and user.”

2. The Payment Handler API

“This specification defines capabilities that enable Web applications to handle requests for payment.”

The two links above give the full specs, including further links to the repos on github for both Payment Request API source code, and Payment Handler API source code. That means you can contribute to the APIs – remember the W3C plus others “and the public work together to develop Web standards.“. That’s pretty cool. In addition, or alternatively, you could contribute to your favourite open source browser. If your favourite browser isn’t open source then you can’t contribute to it. That sucks. Of course you could make an open source browser your new favourite, or start your own open source browser…

How Do I Disable Payment Methods in Chrome?

Continue reading “Chrome 68 Payment Handler API – is it storing Payment Methods?”

ReHacking Google Chrome – Customisable New Tab Extension

New Tab → Customisable New Tab 🙂

Take control of your web browsing experience with this customisable New Tab Custom Colour Blank Page Chrome Extension. It will allow you to pick a colour for your New Tabs in Chrome, because you can choose from a selection of popular colours (Black, White, Incognito, InPrivate, Red, Yellow, Blue, etc.) or similarly choose from a palette of 256 colours to suit your personal mood and taste. This will replace the default New Tab in Chrome which consists of 2554 lines of HTML and scripts, with a quick loading 10 lines of HTML. Gone will be the Search bar and the 8 Most Recently visited websites.

Customisable New Tab for Chrome
Customisable New Tab for Chrome

If you already installed my simpler “New Tab Blank Black Page” or read about it in the blog Hacking Google Chrome – Custom Chrome New Tab Extension  then you may also like the extra features this new Extension offers. Or if you are happy with just Black then that simpler Extension is perfect for you.

Another advantage to using this New Tab extension is that you can set the Start Page in Chrome to open your New Tab page. So Chrome will launch even quicker, and it might avoid some awkward moments. Like when you open Chrome or a New Tab and your boss sees a list of recruitment websites in your Most Visited Sites. Or your partner sees you’ve been on dating websites :p . Or most frightening is if your nerd friends see you’ve visited uncool-tech sites <_< , now you can impress them with your customised New Tab. Of course a true nerd will write their own, hey wait a second!

How do I get the Extension?

Open Chrome and simply go to the New Tab Custom Colour Blank Page ( ← or click that link) in the Chrome Webstore and click the “Add to Chrome” button. That’s it! You will see the Extension icon appear to the right of the Chrome address bar. You can configure the extension by clicking the icon.

Enjoy using the extensions and other apps, feel free to rate them and leave a comment, feedback or suggestion.

Hacking Google Chrome – Custom Chrome New Tab Extension

Hacking the Chrome New Tab – Speed up your Browsing experience

About two-thirds of us use Google Chrome for web surfing. And I’d say about two-thirds of us would like to change the Chrome New Tab page. Well I did anyway. You know the New Tab page with the Search bar and 8 most recently opened websites [see picture below]. I don’t like it, it’s slower loading and gets replaced 90% of the time. So I went to the Settings to change it to a blank page (loads faster etc.) but I was surprised to find that there is no such option. Whaaaat! You can only change the New Tab to open a specific URL (or their New Tab page). Previously I would create a local file, e.g. blank.html, and load that. But this time I decided I’d see if I could hack Chrome to bend to my wishes. Well of course you can hack Chrome, in fact they encourage you do so, and even to publish and share your work. So I did just that.

Get the New Tab you want with my New Tab Blank Page Chrome Extension.

Solved: Chrome New Tab - Blank Colour Page
Solved: Chrome New Tab – Blank Page (Black or Custom Colour)

So what are Google Chrome Extensions?

According to the Chrome Developer website “Extensions are small software programs that customize the browsing experience.” Sounds perfect and just the ticket. It’s surprisingly easy to write an extension, all I needed was an .html file and a .json file. If you want to publish your Extension on the Chrome Web Store you will need a Chrome Developer account which requires a gmail and a once off $5 fee. But you don’t have to publish it to use it or even share it, you can distribute the extension yourself and people can use it directly however they will have to enable Developer Mode in Chrome in order to enable it initially – but once installed they can turn Developer Mode off again.

And what does the Code look like?

Continue reading “Hacking Google Chrome – Custom Chrome New Tab Extension”

The Rope of Dreams Recut: Polynomials of the Third Order – Cubic Equations

The Rope of Dreams in 3D
The Rope of Dreams in 3D

The Rope of Dreams Recut – Cubic Equations

Did you make the most of The Rope of Dreams in my previous post “The Rope of Dreams : Polynomials of the Second Order – Quadratic Equations“. I hope so. Well now you have a chance to take your 120 meter rope and enter another Dimension with Cubic Equations.

What is the Scenario?

Once again you are given the Rope of Dreams, and a Golden Scissors which is the only thing that can cut the Rope of Dreams. You can cut the Rope of Dreams twice (cross section, no longitudinal cuts), which will give you 3 lengths. These lengths will be laid out one for each dimension X, Y, Z (i.e. left-right, backward-forward, up-down), and whatever volume you enclose anywhere on Earth is yours to keep, or do with whatever you wish. You can enclose only a single volume, a single time, and then must return the rope and the scissors. What would you do? You may not think of a Polynomial of the Third Order – a Cubic Equation, but you probably should. In this post we’re talking about cuboids, we’ll leave spherical shapes aside for now.

Do the Math!

This time we’ll do the mathematics first and then apply our findings to determine how best to maximise the volume we enclose. In the previous post we derived and proved the following quadratic equation:

Previously: \({ x^2 = (x-n)(x+n) + n^2 }\)

Multiply by \(x\): \({ x^3 = x ((x-n)(x+n) + n^2)}\)

Multiplying this out: \(\boxed{ x^3 =  (x-n) x (x+n) + xn^2}\)

Continue reading “The Rope of Dreams Recut: Polynomials of the Third Order – Cubic Equations”

The Rope of Dreams : Polynomials of the Second Order – Quadratic Equations

Where would you go? What would you enclose?
Where would you go? What would you enclose?

The Rope of Dreams – Polynomial

Imagine you are given a length of rope that is 120 meters long, and told that you can go to any place on Earth and whatever you enclose with the rope – is yours to keep, or do with whatever you wish. You can enclose only a single area, a single time, and then must return the rope. What would you do? You may not think of a Polynomial of the Second Order – a Quadratic Equation, but you probably should.

What would you do?

Say a big “Thanks”, take the rope, and start pondering the options. A likely plan is to think of where on Earth you want to go (a tropical island, a bustling city, a countryside retreat, maybe even Fort Knox – it’s your choice), and while en route to your destination figure out how to maximize the area the 120 meter rope can enclose. I’ll leave the destination to your own imagination (you can post in the Comments section below) and turn our attention for now to maximizing the area the rope can enclose once you get there. Did someone say Polynomial!

How long is a piece of string, or 120 meters of rope?

A likely first question you might have is to get an idea of just how long 120 meters is, so some reference examples might help, note that ‘m’ is short for ‘meter’. A soccer pitch is between 90m and 120m in length; A rugby pitch is 100m – the same as the 100m sprint in Athletics (Usain Bolt, Carl Lewis etc.); An American football pitch is 110m long; A CLG/GAA (Cumann Lúthchleas Gael / Gaelic Athletic Association) pitch is between 130m – 145m in length. For petrol heads, 120m is about 24 Nascars end-to-end, or 21 Formula1 cars end-to-end – that’s almost the entire grid – are you heading to Monaco with your rope?

Triangles and Rectangles and Squares, Oh My!

Continue reading “The Rope of Dreams : Polynomials of the Second Order – Quadratic Equations”

Monty Hall Proof – The Formula

Get the App - Monty Hall Game, with Monty Hall Proof
Get the free App – Monty Hall Game with Monty Hall Proof.

Monty Hall Proof – The Formula is here. My two previous posts described the Monty Hall Problem – Can You Solve This Maths Puzzle? and Monty Hall Solution – Advanced! Well, this is the next installment of the trilogy, a simple mathematical proof.

If you don’t like Maths (Mathematics, Math) then, well, you have serious problems – get some help :^) This isn’t difficult at all, it’s just a bit of simple probability and algebra, yep ALGEBRA ♥

The Probability that you will Win is the quotient of the Number of Cars, and (divided by) the Number of Doors. To represent that symbolically using algebra is simple:

\(P(W) = \frac{NC}{NDtot} \) … Equation (1)

The Probability that you will Lose is a little more interesting, it is the quotient of the Number of Doors less the Number of Cars, and (divided by) the Number of Doors, in symbolic notation this is:

\(P(L) = \frac {NDtot – NC}{NDtot} \) … Equation (2)

There’s one last equation we want, and it says the Probability that we either Win or Lose is 1 – since these are the only two possible events. In other words, we have to either win or lose – there are no other possible events (see my earlier post re the philosophical and physics debates on that general point). Anyway, to represent this symbolically:

\(P(W) + P(L) = 1 \) … Equation (3)

(Equation (3) is based on Kolmogorov’s second axiom i.e. \(P(\Omega) = 1\))

Monty Hall Proof – The Formula, Here Comes the Proof!

Continue reading “Monty Hall Proof – The Formula”